Ms. Glenn Oro Grande Elem: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:03AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Good Morning Mr. Trust. We are ready to pose some questions of you. We will be asking some good scientific questions hopefully.

Alisha 6th Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:04AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust, how are waterfalls formed?

Ms. Glenn Oro Grande Elem: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:04AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Good Morning Timothy, How is the Hawaii weather this morning?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:05AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi... I'm actually here!

Twyla 6th Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:06AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust, why is Half Dome not touching Yosemite Falls?

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:07AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Jason and I would like to know how old the glacier that formed Yosemite is?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:07AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Waterfalls form in a variety of ways. In Yosemite, glaciers played a major role. In larger valleys with larger rivers, the glaciers were also larger. In smaller valleys with smaller rivers, the glaciers were much smaller. Larger glaciers are much more effective at doing erosion, whereas smaller glaciers are quite ineffective. So, the valleys with smaller glaciers aren't cut down nearly as much as those with larger glaciers. The large valleys end up much deeper than the small valleys, and the streams flowing down the small valleys leap or fall into the large valleys. (I hope that makes sense.)

Timothy - Camp : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:08AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Good Morning Ms. Glenn and Oro Grande Expedition Team - It's around 75 at 6am - big winds last night that howled through the tress like voices off the ocean - winter storms commin' in -

Trinica,Priscilla,Sonny from Oro Grande school.: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:08AM PST (-0800 GMT)
What does the word batholith mean?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:08AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Twyla: Half Dome and Yosemite Falls are a few miles apart... that's just the way it worked out!

Ana Rosa,Enedina,Kathy-Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:08AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust,why did the glaciers shape into a u shape in the Yosemite Valley?

Yohana 6th Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:08AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust, How do the rocks look in Yosemite Valley?

stephinie,tiffany,cameron,lizeth Oro Grande Elem: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:09AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust, what caused Half Dome to first form?

Regina,Diana,Kimberly,Daria at Oro Grande. : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:09AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Dear Mr. Trust What is the smallest waterfall in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:09AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Jason: Several glaciers entered Yosemite Valley-- perhaps twelve! The oldest glacier that we know of was in Yosemite about a million years ago. There were probably some earlier glaciers, as well. The most recent glacier left around 12,000 years ago. Currently, there are only tiny glaciers left in the highest parts of Yosemite-- that's because of climate change.

Timothy - Camp : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:10AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Good Morning Jeffrey - we welcome you as the Camp's Trail Guide today - We learned while at the Hawaiian Volcano National Park that Mt. Lassen errupted in 1917. Are there any volcanos in the Yosemite / Sierras?

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:10AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Christian do you know when was the last time there was an active volcano in Yosemite?

Aline Jared Sarah Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:10AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust, how long is the San Anderas fault?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:10AM PST (-0800 GMT)
T,P,S: A batholith is a collection of plutons. A pluton is an individual body of rock-- generally granite, which formed when magma cooled below the surface of Earth.

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:13AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Ana and others: Glaciers tend to create U-shaped valleys because of the physics of glaciers. Think of it as if you had a blob of dough. If you used a string to push into the dough, it'd create a very narrow valley. If you pressed a thick marker into the dough, it'd create a wide valley. Glaciers tend to be much, much wider than rivers.

Paradise Home School : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:13AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Jeffrey - are there ever earthquakes in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:14AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Yohana: The rocks in Yosemite are mostly granite (or granitic rocks, since they're all a little different). They tend to be light colored (whitish) with specks or blotches of dark spots. The light colors come from the minerals of quartz and feldspars; the dark spots come from hornblene and biotite mica.

Yohana 6th Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:14AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Dr. Trust, how exactly was Batholith formed?

Marcy - Camp: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:16AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Jeffrey: We read that the head state geologists - Whitney - thought that Yosemite was formed by the bottom falling out - and John Muir thought that it was glaciation. How was it proven that it was glaciation?

Ana Rosa,Enedina,Kathy-Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:16AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,how was the Bridal Falls formed?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:18AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Volcanoes help form the Sierra ages ago, but there are none currently active. The Cascade Range in Washington/Oregon (and a little bit of California) is full of volcanoes-- the Sierra was once like that.

Trinica,Priscilla,Sonny from Oro Grande school.: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:19AM PST (-0800 GMT)
What was the largest glacier in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:19AM PST (-0800 GMT)
I'm not sure of the exact distance of the San Andreas fault, but it runs the entire length of California (starting at the Gulf of Mexico, up east of LA, through the San Bernardino Mts up along the coast through San Francisco, then out to see (barely), up by Point Reyes and Arcata, and then out to sea, where it ends.

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:20AM PST (-0800 GMT)
My name is Jason how long does it take for a rock in a river to lose one layer?

stephinie,tiffany,cameron,lizeth: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:20AM PST (-0800 GMT)
How did the glaciers first form in Yosemite Park?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:21AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Normally, there aren't earthquakes with epicenters in Yosemite, however, we do feel earthquakes. Some of us felt the earthquake down in southern California the other day. We tend to feel earthquakes in the Long Valley area (near Mammoth ski area). (There is a volcano there! One of the largest eruptions happened there... ash was found in Kansas. That was 700,000 years ago.)

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:22AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Batholiths form... well, as a portion of Earth descends under a part of the Earth (in a subduction zone, if you've learned about plate tectonics), it begins to melt. The melted material is magma and because it's warm, it rises through the crust. Sometimes the magma cools inside of Earth in the crust and forms a pluton (several plutons make a batholith). Sometimes the magma reaches the surface before it cools-- and it erupts (as lava) in a volcano.

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:25AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Michael I would like to know how Yosemite falls formed?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:26AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Michael-- Yosemite Falls formed the same was Bridalveil Fall formed (see my last answer).

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:27AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Omar how many earthqaukes has Yosemite had?

: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:27AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,How are your rocks formed?

Regina,Diana,Kimberly,Daria at Oro Grande. : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:30AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,What is the largest river in Yosemite? Please tell me the width and higth.

ryan eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:30AM PST (-0800 GMT)
we are now on campinternet and we are challenging anyone with quistions.

Alfredo,Janet,Alajanda,Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:33AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,How many caves are there in Yosemite?

matt eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:34AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Is anyone out there on camp internet if so please respond.

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:35AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Caves in Yosemite? Actually, there aren't any true caves in Yosemite. Caves usually form in limestone, and we have virtually no limestone here. Granite, because it is so strong, doesn't allow for the formation of caves. There are caves in and around Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks, south of here. There are some "caves" that are really just spaces between boulders here.

Ana Rosa,-Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:36AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust how did the erosion make the canyons shape into a V-shape?

ryan eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:36AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. trust how many caves are there in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:39AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Canyons that are cut by rivers tend to be v-shaped. That's because rivers cut just a very narrow slot in the landscape. Think of it as if you pushed a string into dough. But, usually, the rock isn't strong enough to keep its steep cliffs, so rockfalls and rockslides occur, and those tend to occur until the slope reaches a "comfortable" angle, which causes a v-shaped valley. Even though Yosemite Valley is now U-shaped (because of glaciation), over time (thousands or tens of thousands of years if not more), eventually it will turn back into a v-shaped valley as more and more rockfalls happen. Had the glaciation stopped a million years ago, Yosemite Valley might look more like a v-shaped canyon.

ryan eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:40AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr. Trust what dangers did the native americans face with the arrival of europeain settlers

Alfredo,Janet,Alajanda,Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:42AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust How does the ocean plate get under the land plate?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:44AM PST (-0800 GMT)
European settler didn't venture into the Sierra for a few hundred year-- until the early 1800s. Once gold was discovered, more and more settlers came to the Sierra Nevada. The gold was mostly in the foothills, and Yosemite Valley is a little higher than the foothills, so it wasn't until 1851 that Europeans made their way into Yosemite Valley. The first time Europeans entered Yosemite Valley it was to remove all the Native People and relocate them to a reservation in Fresno. It took a few tries before the settlers gave up, but by 1852 or 1853, there were essentially no Indians living in Yosemite Valley. Though there was some mistreatment of Indians in Yosemite (besides attempting to relocate them), they were not treated too badly (with a few exceptions). Obviously, being taken from their ancestral home was a terrible thing. Other Indians in California certainly suffered far, far more than the Yosemite Indians.

ryan eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:45AM PST (-0800 GMT)
well are you going to respond Jeffery

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:45AM PST (-0800 GMT)
An ocean plate sink under a land plate because the ocean plate is denser-- or heavier-- than the land plate. As the two plates come together, as is happening off the coast of Washington and Oregon (which is why the Cascades are there), the ocean plate sinks underneath the land plate. Does that make sense?

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:46AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name jason and do you know what the bigest earthqauke Yosemite has had?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:46AM PST (-0800 GMT)
What was your question, Ryan?

Alfredo,Janet,Alajanda,Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:46AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr Trust,Where do you think scientist got this word batholith?

ryan eagle: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:48AM PST (-0800 GMT)
thank you Mr. Trust thank you very much

Nicole 5th Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:48AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust, is Half Dome the largest rock in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:49AM PST (-0800 GMT)
It comes from Greek. Lithos means rock. I'm trying to remember what Bathos means!

stephinie,tiffany,cameron,lizeth: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:49AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust What are the names of the water falls?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:51AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Actually, most people think of El Capitan as the largest rock in Yosemite. But Half Dome is quite large, too!

Trinica,Priscilla,Sonny from Oro Grande school.: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:51AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust, How long did it take for the first glacier to form?

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:51AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Christian how many water falls are in Yosemite when you first got there?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:52AM PST (-0800 GMT)
The most famous waterfalls are: Yosemite Falls Bridalveil Fall Vernal Fall Nevada Fall Ribbon Fall Sentinel Fall Illilouette Fall

Michael, Jason, Omar,Christian from Oro Grande Elem School: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:53AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Hi my name is Christian has there been alot of dangerous things in Yosemite park?

Regina,Diana,Kimberly,Daria at Oro Grande. : . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:53AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,Witch is the largest mountain in Yosemite?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:54AM PST (-0800 GMT)
The first time I was in Yosemite, I was there in the spring (I was in 5th grade!)... there were probably too many waterfalls to count because during the spring a lot of snow is melting, so there are lots of little waterfalls that only are there for a few days or weeks.

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:55AM PST (-0800 GMT)
The largest mountain in Yosemite? El Capitan is the largest rock. The tallest peak in Yosemite is Mt. Lyell, at over 13,000 feet!

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 9:56AM PST (-0800 GMT)
What do you mean by dangerous things in Yosemite?

Enedina-Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 10:01AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Trust,Which rock in Yosemite Valley is the most interesting rock not including Half Dome?

Aline Jared Sarah Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 10:04AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Mr.Turst how many waterfalls were made?

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 10:04AM PST (-0800 GMT)
The most interesting rock in Yosemite? That really depends on who you ask. I know some people really like the Cathedral Rocks, near El Capitan. There are a huge variety of rocks... it's hard to say one is more interesting than another!

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 10:06AM PST (-0800 GMT)
There are more waterfalls than you can count in Yosemite. There are only a few major waterfalls... I suppose there are about a half-dozen major waterfalls in Yosemite and dozens of smaller ones.

: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 10:15AM PST (-0800 GMT)
mr trust your weird

: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 11:00AM PST (-0800 GMT)

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 11:01AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Goodbye!

Ms. Glenn-Oro Grande: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 11:05AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Thank you for some excellant answers today Mr. Trust. We had to leave to get our class pictures taken suddenly. You answered a lot of our question and the kids agree that you made it easier to understand some of the material that we have been studying. Good luck to you!

Jeffrey Trust: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 11:09AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Thanks!

Timothy - Camp: . . . . Thu, Oct 28, 11:11AM PST (-0800 GMT)
Thank you Jeffrey for an excellent chat session today. We all learned a great deal.

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