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<h2><font size=5 color="#4a4a4a" face=Georgia><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Ear
to the water <o:p></o:p></span></font></h2>
<p class=byline><font size=1 color="#565656" face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:8.5pt'>Bob Kieding <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>June 4, 2008 7:36 AM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>The Santa Barbara Channel and its islands
encompass many diverse activities - fishing, shipping, research, yachting,
resource extraction, and many more. One operation not well known by the public
is underwater acoustic research.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Underwater acoustics include the process of
monitoring or using undersea sound for a variety of applications. The sound can
be natural or created. During the Cold War and beyond, underwater acoustics
projects were significant activities that took place on the back side of <st1:place
w:st="on">Santa Cruz Island</st1:place>. General Motors, followed by its
successor Maripro, conducted a variety of operations that ranged from top
secret defense work to those of pure academic interest.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Many of us were captivated by the film
"The Hunt for Red October," an exciting cold-war yarn about the
search for a dangerous Soviet spy submarine. The tracking technology in the
film was based on using hydrophones (underwater microphones). This was the same
cornerstone technology that was being used at the <st1:place w:st="on">Santa
Cruz Island</st1:place> acoustic facility. Basically, the <st1:place w:st="on">Santa
Cruz Island</st1:place> range consisted of a number of submerged hydrophones,
located at considerable depth, and connected by cables running ashore to
computers that accumulated data for a variety of uses.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>There were several reasons for collecting
underwater sound data. The most dramatic was the "Red October"
mission. Underwater sound monitoring systems located at various strategic
locations in the oceans of the world were used to track Soviet submarines and
warships to determine their location as well as what mischief they might be up
to. Despite great care to minimize it, all submarines and ships generate a
unique acoustic "signature" that allows identification. It is assumed
that the Soviets were also monitoring <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> vessels for similar
signatures.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>A second use of underwater acoustics for
defense purposes is to try to make your own vessels as immune as possible to
identification and detection by other nations. This was a major activity at the
<st1:place w:st="on">Santa Cruz Island</st1:place> facility. <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> submarines
were driven through the acoustic range, and data was evaluated to determine if
they were as "quiet" as possible and if they had tell-tale
signatures. With tracking range data, the vessels could then be modified to
reduce any detected problems. I can recall a number of cases where the entire
22-mile back side of Santa Cruz Island was declared off-limits to all vessels
because a super secret <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region>
submarine was being run through the range.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Another major application of underwater
acoustic tracking is for weapons testing and evaluation. The premier location
for such activities is AUTEC (Atlantic Underwater Test and <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Evaluation</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType>)
which is located near the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Bahamas</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Islands</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. It can evaluate
both in-air and underwater weapons using above-water technologies such as radar
and photography, as well as underwater acoustic tracking arrays. A classic application
would have an aircraft fly down-range and launch a weapon that would fly a
portion of its mission in-air and then enter the ocean as a torpedo type
delivery system. The <st1:place w:st="on">Santa Cruz Island</st1:place>
tracking range conducted underwater, but not in-air testing and evaluation.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>The <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Santa
Cruz</st1:place></st1:City> range also operated two unique vehicles. One was
POP (for Perpendicular Ocean Platform). This was a long, tubular ship over 100
feet in length. When partially filled with seawater, POP would sink at one end
until it was in a vertical position with only a portion above water level. With
almost a hundred feet of the POP under water, the above water portion was as
steady as a rock - even in rough winds and seas. This made it an ideal at-sea
scientific platform for the conduct of motion sensitive projects. One night,
POP came loose from its mooring and was carried up the island by ocean
currents. Next day, the Coast Guard received a radio call that there was a
vessel aground in mid-channel between <st1:City w:st="on">Santa Cruz</st1:City>
and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Santa Rosa</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">Islands</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. The position given had the
vessel in over ninety feet of water. This seemed impossible until it was
learned that POP in its vertical position had a draft of over ninety feet.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>The second unique vehicle was DOWB (for Deep
Ocean Work Boat). DOWB was a two-person, deep water submarine that was capable
of operating over a mile beneath the ocean. It had remote-controlled
"arms" to perform underwater tasks, and was used at various locations
around the world as well as waters off the back side of <st1:place w:st="on">Santa
Cruz Island</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>In addition to defense related applications,
the <st1:place w:st="on">Santa Cruz Island</st1:place> range was also used for
scientific research. Sound is continually being generated in the sea by
geological, weather, creature related, and other sources. In addition to
defense projects, much pure science was studied and evaluated on the range<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>The <st1:place w:st="on">Santa Cruz Island</st1:place>
facility was closed down several years ago. It was dismantled with great care
to ensure that both the island and its surrounding waters were returned to
their original condition. That is not to say that underwater acoustics is no
longer a prime activity elsewhere. Our government continues to operate several
acoustic ranges at various locations for defense and scientific applications.
Technology is ever-changing, and our oceans continue to be one of the major
areas where new science and discoveries occur.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>SEA TERMS<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Hydrophone - An underwater microphone that
has been designed to be immune to damage from water and extreme underwater
pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Acoustic - Pertaining to the hearing, to
sound and its transmission; worked by sound or echoes. Acoustics - a branch of
physics that studies sound.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p><font size=1 color="#464646" face=Verdana><span style='font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:#464646'>Draft - The distance from the waterline to
the bottom of a boat. Important to know when operating in shallow water to avoid
running aground.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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